An event is represented by a set of coordinates x, y, z and t.
FREEDOM PLANET TORQUE WARP SECTOR PLUS
A position in spacetime is called an event, and requires four numbers to be specified: the three-dimensional location in space, plus the position in time (Fig. 1). In the Cartesian coordinate system, these are called x, y, and z. In ordinary space, a position is specified by three numbers, known as dimensions. General relativity also provides an explanation of how gravitational fields can slow the passage of time for an object as seen by an observer outside the field. In the context of special relativity, time cannot be separated from the three dimensions of space, because the observed rate at which time passes for an object depends on the object's velocity relative to the observer. Furthermore, it assumes that space is Euclidean it assumes that space follows the geometry of common sense. Classical mechanics assumes that time has a constant rate of passage, independent of the observer's state of motion, or anything external. Non-relativistic classical mechanics treats time as a universal quantity of measurement which is uniform throughout space, and separate from space. Minkowski's geometric interpretation of relativity was to prove vital to Einstein's development of his 1915 general theory of relativity, wherein he showed how mass and energy curve flat spacetime into a pseudo-Riemannian manifold.
Although measurements of distance and time between events differ for measurements made in different reference frames, the spacetime interval is independent of the inertial frame of reference in which they are recorded. A key feature of this interpretation is the formal definition of the spacetime interval. In 1908, Hermann Minkowski-once one of the math professors of a young Einstein in Zürich-presented a geometric interpretation of special relativity that fused time and the three spatial dimensions of space into a single four-dimensional continuum now known as Minkowski space. Although these theories included equations identical to those that Einstein introduced (e.g., the Lorentz transformation), they were essentially ad hoc models proposed to explain the results of various experiments-including the famous Michelson–Morley interferometer experiment-that were extremely difficult to fit into existing paradigms. His theory was an advance over Lorentz's 1904 theory of electromagnetic phenomena and Poincaré's electrodynamic theory. Many counterintuitive consequences emerge: in addition to being independent of the motion of the light source, the speed of light is constant regardless of the frame of reference in which it is measured the distances and even temporal ordering of pairs of events change when measured in different inertial frames of reference (this is the relativity of simultaneity) and the linear additivity of velocities no longer holds true.Įinstein framed his theory in terms of kinematics (the study of moving bodies). The logical consequence of taking these postulates together is the inseparable joining of the four dimensions-hitherto assumed as independent-of space and time. The speed of light in vacuum is the same for all inertial observers, regardless of the motion of the light source.The laws of physics are invariant (i.e., identical) in all inertial systems (i.e., non-accelerating frames of reference).However, in 1905, Einstein based a work on special relativity on two postulates:
Prior to his pioneering work, scientists had two separate theories to explain physical phenomena: Isaac Newton's laws of physics described the motion of massive objects, while James Clerk Maxwell's electromagnetic models explained the properties of light. The physicist Albert Einstein helped develop the idea of spacetime as part of his theory of relativity. Until the 20th century, it was assumed that the three-dimensional geometry of the universe (its spatial expression in terms of coordinates, distances, and directions) was independent of one-dimensional time.
Spacetime diagrams can be used to visualize relativistic effects, such as why different observers perceive differently where and when events occur. In physics, spacetime is a mathematical model that combines the three dimensions of space and one dimension of time into a single four-dimensional manifold.
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